Post-Modern Scene of Hong Kong Society from Food Literature

The characteristic of Hong Kong culture, the identity of Hong Kong citizen is always a hot topic. In the decade, post-modern has become a new verb to describe Hong Kong. So, this treatise is going to find out if Hong Kong is in post-modern period and emotions of authors and citizens, through the picture of Hong Kong society in food literatures. Methodology This treatise alms to find out the picture of Hong Kong post-modern society from Hong Kong Diet Literature. In this treatise, the definition of â€Å"diet literature† Is generalized to all texts using â€Å"Food† as the theme of literary writing.And the narrowed definition of â€Å"Hong Kong Diet Literature† is all texts using â€Å"Food† as the hem of literary writing, which written and published in HOOK by Hong Kong authors, writing Hong Kong places. By observation, Hong Kong diet literature is absented in the study of Hong Kong literature history. The phenomenon, â€Å"Food† is being popular as a theme in HOOK literature, Is worth to be concerned; it Is proved by using the record from the categories of food culture In the online bookstore, Hong Kong Cookbooks Ltd..As the study Is to find out the picture of Hong Kong post-modern society, post-modern theories by Jacques Deride and Jean-Franà §ois Leotard are used. In this treatise, first, would describe the characteristics of postmodern and a city in post-modern period. Second, shows the velveteen of Hong Kong literature and the relationship with the society. Then show the change of the writing methods and styles in Hong Kong food literatures, by the comparison of the most representative and popular authors in different decades. Thirdly, shows the analysis of post-modern phenomenon shown in literatures. At the end, a respond will be made in conclusion. . Theories of Post-modernism First of all, we should definite clearly about the term â€Å"Post-modern† and â€Å"Post- dermis†; † ‘Post-modern' Is a historic concept, slaying the post-industrial society or the era of Information In the postwar period of World War II. â€Å"; † ‘Post- modernism' is a cultural ideological trend of western society†¦ It is an offspring of morels anon Leganes Walt mayoralty Ana auto It † (Roding, 1 differences between Modernism and Post-modernism are, modernism advocates rationality, eccentricity of metaphysics, integrity; Post-modernism is the opposite of modernism.Theories of Post-modernism are based on two important philosophers: Jacques Deride (1930 – 2004–), â€Å"There is nothing outside of the text. (Deride, 1965), his idea means written text, also everything beside text owns and exhibit their meanings in context; also he advocates â€Å"There is nothing outside context†, means text would have different meaning interpreted by different contexts, and the context would interpreted by another context; which means there is no truth, or only one trea tise to explain a thing, nothing is immobile.It is a critique of modern rationalism empire. Jean-Franà §ois Leotard (1925 – 1998) â€Å"Under this modern society and culture-?post-industry and post-modern culture, the legitimacy of science are questioned in different ways. Meta-narration has lost its credibility, whether it is a unified approach adopted. ‘ (Williams, 1998) In the post- modern society, there are no â€Å"only truth† (meta-narrative), only mint-narratives, language games which have their own rules, vales; it is full of differences.Science, emphasizing evidence, rationality, and accuracy is not a meta-narrative anymore, it is only a small-narrative, as the others. Everything is uncertain, â€Å"Emotion is evidence or a description of incomplete-events in any kind of language games or 1998) also it is evidence to determine â€Å"the boundary between two language games. (Williams, 1998) II. Delimiting meta-narrative in Hong Kong On society aspect After 1 July 1997, meta-narrative â€Å"one country, two systems† has been intervened by China; lots of historical buildings had been broken down; also, financial tsunami, CARS led to great unemployment.In 1 July march in 2003, a large public had attended to the march, opposing the legislation of the Basic law Article 23; over million people were protesting for liberty and democracy. Protestors were come from different social communities, such as businessmen, retired people, young couples and democrats, with anger and anxiety. â€Å"Hong Kong people march†, 2003) Different communities–language games, march in 1 July continually each year; the false utopian meta-narrative and the disappearance of memorable buildings and places create a crake between modern society, which bring Hong Kong in to a post-modern period.On literature In ass's, ass's, there are binary oppositions in Hong Kong literature, they are: rightist/ leftist, elegance/earthliness, realism [moderni sm. (Lung,2008); The concept of the binary between elegance and earthliness of popular culture, high-end and low-end is stall De accuses In Hong Kong, alter literature(cueing ) Nine concept Is developed by a group of intellectual, who brought it to the organizational structure. Besides, traditional study of literature and the study of culture are opposed to each other. In this recent decade, literature becomes important in cultural studies under a multicultural society.The boundary between two studies has become vague; the argument between elegance and earthliness is doubted in cultural studies, while there are different groups of people in popular, the studies would be confined by the boundary. (Chemung & Chug, 2007) Ill. Picture of post-modern society from food literature Development of food literature The change of Hong Kong food literature is very significant, but did not be noted by cultural scholars. In the past, food literature is published in the form of recipes, which is in struction of cooking without author's feelings; the most famous and representative author is called Chain Mongo Yang (1910 – 1997).His prose published in a book â€Å"Bible of Eat†, first posted in newspaper column, got popular because of the principle and stories of food and cooking. (Chain, 2007) Authors' feelings and his/her point of views are reflected in nowadays food literature using colloquial language; ampere with literature written by Chain Mongo Yang, the tone of voice is more casual nowadays, and the main purpose is to express authors' feelings rather than instructing reader. â€Å"There is nothing outside of the text. † Each author is a small- narrative, part of Hong Kong; the study of their works can help to make a more holistic picture of Hong Kong culture.A. The past is always better Nostalgic â€Å"Nostalgic describes an emotional structure. In the formation of a larger cultural context, nostalgic has social and psychological stability and re-ne gotiation function on human cognition and position on the world. (Lie, 2004) â€Å"It's feeling more than ‘substantial old†. In Haying Au Youngest (Ar J) and Lung Aka Skunk's(Lung) writings, they recall the past by using a lot of food symbols, like stall, hot pot, herbal tea; to express their helpless feelings about the current social changes, and cherish the past as the past is always better. Then his eyes with a bit confused, winked his eyes, again, even shook his head unconsciously. Oh, no, this is not a (dish of) â€Å"salt and pepper fresh squid† I used to. Of course we cannot go back, especially when we are fortunately living in this era of horn-sighted speeding, among the personnel of social blundering. We proved impossible to preserve landmarks around the streets, only some vague shadows, distracting thoughts; it is only an echo of a particular verbose complaint which has just finished. † (Au Young, 2007) Ar J saw disappointment from his friend's ey es and actions, because the taste can no longer be reproduced.The evaluation of taste may be affected by personal feelings. Ar J and his friend got emotion in this rapid changeable era. â€Å"In the last day of the old Star Ferry Pier, I parked my car especially at the Central Star Ferry Car Park for the sake to take Star Ferry at the old Star Ferry Pier. It's still in Green Ana went colors, out I Tell strange suddenly, sort Ice-cream was gone, Toulouse ending of the ride was doomed†¦ Finally the new Star Ferry Pier was opened, more food stores opened than before, but they all can be bought in Central Airport Railway Station, soft ice-cream will not come back.I am not nostalgia whether the building of Star Ferry Pier is old or new, I would like to keep the way we were. † (Lung, 2005) The 48-years-old old Star Ferry Pier had been destructed by government under Hong Kong citizens' dissatisfaction and opposition, which increased public awareness of local culture conservatio n, also undermined public trust in government. Lung deliberately took a ride in the last operation day of the old Star Ferry Pier, the new ferry pier was built, but the absence of soft ice-cream, Lung was lost in the imagination of the old days.Emotion is the only evidence â€Å"Emotion is evidence or a description of incomplete-events in any kind of language games or girds. â€Å"(Williams, 1998) The destruction of old buildings, reconstructed by new commercial buildings shows the opposition between Ar J , his friend and the immemorial world; Lung and the government. Old building is a signifier which has an inter subjectivity function, representing the intercommunicate and sharing, and is the common knowledge and experience in a group of people with same cultural background can cognizance.Roland Berates reported â€Å"For many individuals who are there, so in itself contains 1999) However, those â€Å"stable† signifier are erased; Flattened and oversimplified signifier ar e only plays and unstable in this rapid consumerism era. Sense of loss, the emotions expressed is the only articulate evidence. B. Contradiction between language games Western and Local † I have not eaten traditional pancake (Boo-change) for a long time. Thought it had been lost, and no one will do; because today pizza is much popular†¦ Pancake' sounds old, outmoded, who will to eat? Also, nowhere sell. Fast-food chain restaurants launched nostalgic tea meals: fried sweet potato, red and white-steamed clay-pot cake, four stuffed treasures, and salt pancake†¦ Their salt pancake of course does not as delicious as childhood, perhaps its deliciousness is scored by memories†¦ Pan cake has a tenacious 2008) Under the influence of western fast-food culture, western fast-food becomes the main stream; the raise of sense of local identity, create a wave of nostalgia in Hong Kong food industry.Pack Way Lee used salt pancake-?†Boo Change† which means â€Å"thin - support† as a signifier, to signify the tenacious vitality of local culture, which would not be buried so easy. The legislation of western culture has been doubted, the wave of nostalgic tea meal is a way to decentralized the eccentricity of western fast-food. Commerce and Culture In the era of globalization and the development of high-technique, the exchange of economy, culture has become easier and faster; boundaries between countries are Duller c, local culture Decodes ten capital In ten commercial game. Across the road in front of Lung Fun Restaurant, is King Way restaurant, introduced red bean paste moon cake, which is regarded as exceptional alternative moon cake. But in these last ten years, moon cake has dazzling means. Moon cake is getting more and more unlike moon cake. Crystal moon cake is glutting in the market, now chocolate is used as a moon cake, I very much doubt it is moon cake or cake (xi being). Cakes are supplied over 365 days; Moon cake, the real role in legend is, as a media to pass the message of uprising when full moon.

An Analysis of William Shakespeare’s Midsummer Night’s Dream Essay

Renaissance humanists believed that if you want to build a moral society, you must begin with the facts of human nature. Basically, this means that their beliefs are rooted on what can be seen, touched, and heard. Shakespeare’s play A Midsummer Night’s Dream crossed the boundaries of humanism and Shakespeare actually put in the play elements which humanists believe did not exist. For humanists, â€Å"Nature itself constitutes the sum total of reality, that matter and not mind is the foundation-stuff of the universe, and that supernatural entities simply do not exist.† (Lamont 145). This follows naturally that people then were with little, if at all, imaginative, and creative tendency. They were not keen to elements in literature such as fairies, or other supernatural beings; elements which are present in Shakespeare’s play A Midsummer Night’s Dream. In the century preceding Shakespeare, â€Å"humanist† plays were often considered dull and moralistic, as they were often in didactic form. Also, another attitude of Humanism towards the universe â€Å"like its judgment as to the nature and destiny of man, is grounded on solid scientific fact.† (Lamont 145). They believed that man was the cream of the crop of God’s creation, and that the earth and everything that revolves around it are the center of the universe. Again, it’s not difficult to imagine that consequently, this philosophy not only affects the scientific aspect of the era, but also the culture, including literature and other arts. People also took a belief in the interconnectedness of things, for example a physician administering a medicine according to the position of the planets. But A Midsummer Night’s Dream, written sometime in the late 1500s seemed to have crossed boundaries. First of all, there are supernatural elements in the play which sort of went against the Humanist philosophy about supernatural entities not existing. Actually, the play is nothing short of magical. Not only do the mortals in the play associated with fairies, but the plot is manipulated by Puck, a hobgoblin. Bottom, on the other hand symbolizes a culture that survived from the Middle Ages until the Elizabethan times wherein â€Å"reign donkeys dressed up as bishops or dogs with Hosts in their teeth would appear in court masques.† (Bloom 73).   Ã¢â‚¬Å"Spirits and fairies cannot be represented, they cannot even be painted,   Ã¢â‚¬â€they can only be believed.† (Bloom 87). Apparently, this is not in line with Humanist philosophy, and this is what Shakespeare’s play brought people to believe also after the play’s publication. A Midsummer Night’s Dream is â€Å"Shakespeare’s first period of experiment with comic form.† (Bloom 7). Compared to his tragedies, this comedy not only was a trailblazer for rediscovery of classical literature, it also â€Å"knits together a number of different historical times and places, literary traditions, character types, and modes of thought.† (Bloom 7). Humanists also believed that â€Å"whatever he does man is a living unity of body and personality, an inter-functioning oneness of mental, emotional and physical qualities.† (Lamont 274). Apparently, in the play, when Puck put the magical love juice in the eyes of Demetrius, Lysander, and Titania, this premise is not evident anymore, as they were not in their â€Å"right minds† when pursuing different love interests. However, while Shakespeare challenged Humanism through his play, he also showed his influences through the characters, the plot and the sub-plot. Italian Renaissance was an event which influenced Shakespeare in a lot of his works, but Italian Renaissance differs slightly from the English Renaissance, aside from the fact that it preceded the English Renaissance. Italian Renaissance was centered more on visual arts but sonnets also bloomed through Petrarch and Boccaccio. By the time Italian Renaissance was coming to an end and English Renaissance was blooming, writers were then rediscovering the classical literatures from the Italian Renaissance and picked up the sonnets. Shakespeare apparently was one of those writers. Shakespeare’s influences with regard to some elements in the play come from Italian artists like the poet Ovid and the author Apulieus, which show Shakespeare’s rediscovery of the classical literature coming from the Italian Renaissance. For example, the story of Pyramus and Thisbe is told in Ovid’s Metamorphoses and the transformation of Bottom into an ass is descended from Apuleius’ The Golden Ass. Elements such as these show how vast Shakespeare’s influences are, and how experimental the play has become compared to his previous tragedies in terms of the characters and the plot.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I can say that through Shakespeare’s play A Midsummer Night’s Dream, people looked at themselves differently, and appreciated more the beauty of the arts. Before Shakespeare, people seemed stuck-up and were conformed to being moralized by their literature. While it was necessary at that time, change is really inevitable. And through Shakespeare’s experimentation in the said comedy, different discoveries and rediscoveries enabled people to try out new things. Throughout the Renaissance, there was a significant change in the way people looked at the interconnectedness of things. Writers and thinkers questioned the connections, while retaining a sense of their beauty as symbols. A major change which this era experienced is that people interpreted the correspondences of things from literal to symbolic, and appreciated more the beauty of the symbols. Works Cited: Bloom, Harold, ed. William Shakespeare’s a Midsummer Night’s Dream. New York: Chelsea House, 1987 Lamont, Corliss. Humanism as a Philosophy. New York: Philosophical Library, 1949. â€Å"A Midsummer Night’s Dream.† Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia.

Supervisory roles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Supervisory roles - Essay Example Because the interviewee held a supervisory role at a local bookstore, there were around 15 employees that he has been supervising. The management responsibilities of a store supervisor initially revolve around the selection, hiring, and training of new employees. When these staff members have undergone the proper training and preparations for work, the store supervisor handles the responsibility for developing the schedule for staff members on a weekly or monthly basis. Because the store employs a number of sales clerks, to manage the schedule has always involved the consideration of the availability and work patterns of every personnel. Moreover, when staff members report for work, it is the job of the supervisor to establish clear communications regarding the tasks assigned for every employee as well as monitor and observe the members’ work habits. This can help ensure that their performance is satisfactory and can contribute to the store’s long-term success (Chan and Soong 22). If a store employee is incapable of accomplishing the tasks assigned by the store supervisor, the latter should then articulate the problem to the concerned employee and its possible outcomes. Probation and termination are common repercussions brought about by incompetent work; however, it is also essential that the store supervisor assists employees in identifying and practicing the measures for improving performance. On the whole, the nature of a store supervisor’s job is focused on the supervisory of service flow within the store and provision of assistance for store employees to ensure that all tasks are accomplished and a satisfactory performance is obtained. According to the interviewee, their store’s education and training requirements for store supervisors include a 2 to 3-year experience of working in similar stores and should demonstrate knowledge and ability in supervising a store, training individuals, communication, and store operations. Moral conduct and positive attitudes should also be exemplified. Nonetheless, despite the requirements necessary to become a store supervisor, further training had been provided to the store’s members, from floor employees to store supervisors and managers, to ensure high levels of performance. My interviewee had undergone training to improve worker competency with which they were provided with information and tools as a means of enhancing skills and knowledge. Certain strategies were used, including structured conferences, worker self-rating, and provision of personal feedback. An action plan had also been provided to ensure that all short-term and long-term goals and objectives were clearly outlined. For my interviewee, he believes that the three most important characteristics of a good supervisor are to be an effective administrator, an active educator, and a sincere supporter. He should be able to have clear expectations of the work in adherence to performance standards that ha ve been clearly defined and should accept the authority and power in a non-authoritarian manner. Procedures should also be clearly structured and constructive feedback must be effectively provided to workers, such as confrontation during the appropriate time as well as an honest and critical advice in such a way that the employees can be assisted in developing strength and independence. There was a time when he hired two new cashiers who had been employed part-time while attending school to finish

International Entrepreneurship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

International Entrepreneurship - Essay Example People often misunderstand the terms entrepreneurs and leaders, it is perceived that both the terms are synonymous but in reality it is not so. The traits of an entrepreneur are quite similar to that of a leader but it is unfair to say that both the terms are synonymous. This paper is going to deal with the risks which the entrepreneurs take and the dividends the same pays at a later stage. The word seminal means original and influential. These two are the most important qualities expected of any entrepreneur. It is very important that an entrepreneur sustains the growth of the company and at the same should look forward to increasing the same and it becomes highly imperative that the company uses innovation and creativity. An entrepreneur is expected to have a drive which can take the company to another level altogether. The hunger of the entrepreneur should reflect in the activities of the company. Entrepreneurship is considered to be very risky and trick, simply because many new ventures fail to perform as expected. "Most commonly, the term entrepreneur applies to someone who creates value by offering a product or service. Entrepreneurs often have strong beliefs about a market opportunity and organize their resources effectively to accomplish an outcome that changes existing interactions." ( Wikipedia, August 21, 2008). People who think out of the box, in the sense that, those who are able to see an oppurtunity and react according to the situation usually become entreprenuers. Eutreprenership contributes immensely to economy of that particular country, it also creates many job openings for the people. There are many views of the entrepreneurs for instance the classical view, the psychological etc, innovation falls under classical view of the entrepreneurs and it is based on the assumption that the entrepreneur is doing rather than owning. Innovation provides the entrepreneur with a great start and enables early growth in the organization. The risk faced by the international entrepreneurs is much high than the domestic entrepreneurs. This is also because the activities of a foreign market are much more complex than the domestic market. The international entrepreneurs take full advantage of their access to the foreign markets and availability of cheap labor but everything comes at a price, they also have to adjust to the foreign culture quickly, failing to do so would go on to produce undesirable results for sure. The market power of an entrepreneur is increased by the movement in the market power. The same helps the entrepreneur in spreading the risk and leveraging faster returns on new products. To be an entrepreneur one needs to have greater independence and self -fulfillment. When a person becomes an entrepreneur, he/she becomes self employed and it is

Business Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 33

Business Ethics - Essay Example Therefore, Jack was right to take the pill if this decision does not affect other classmates’ decisions. Although the libertarians view seems appropriate for Jack’s situation, there are a couple of negative implications that can be associated with the decision (Clarke 15). For instance, if Jack chooses to take the pill, it could get his friend in trouble. This is owing to the fact that individuals are not allowed to share prescription drugs as they may a negative impact on the health of other individuals. If Jack decided to take the pill and got a negative reaction, his friend could have gotten in trouble. This shows how the libertarian view could have had a negative implication on both parties. Jack’s decision to take the pill could have given him an unfair advantage over his classmates. Taking the pill could have enabled him to study for longer hours and concentrate more (Clarke 20). This is not only unethical but unfair to the other students. A competition is said to be fair if the students have equal opportunities to study and focus. It can therefore be concluded that taking the pill could have given Jack an unfair advantage over his classmates. Jack is therefore advised not to take the pill. Jack’s decision to take the pill compromised the reputation of the class and the institution. This is because if his actions were reported to the appropriate authorities, this could have cast a shadow of doubt on the learning process in the class and the institution. Jack’s decision could have also influenced the overall performance in class (Clarke 36). The performance of the class is characterized by a normal curve. If Jack takes the pill and it impacts his performance, there will be a disruption in the normal distribution curve. He is thereby advised not to take the pill from his classmate. In summary, the above

Alexander the great Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Alexander the great - Essay Example As these anecdotes were around for a long time now and as Alexander even though historical, flourished better as a legend, leaving all of them out would have made the narration curt and dry. But a highly focussed decision maker like Alexander being portrayed as soothsayer dependent might not go well with the historical facts and figures. It is also mentioned by many that an ‘uncommon viewpoint’ is provided for the actions of the Greek poleis and the responses of King Philip. While writing about a king who had enormous effect on his subjects who looked at him for guidance, unintended exaggeration creeps in and that is nothing extraordinary. Green’s showing the step-by-step conviction that Philip was a god himself, is the psychological assurance of an adoring child to whom the father could do anything. But it is difficult to find precedents for Green’s argument, because we do not come across any other writing that says that Alexander was so impressionable. Another point that is difficult to agree with Green is that Alexander became more and more impervious to the needs of the people under him. History books say that he discarded ideas of further pressing forward in India because his soldiers were unhappy to go further. They had left their land long ago and wanted to return and he agreed. It is impossible to agree with Green that Alexander was evolving into a hard-headed dictator. The legends show that Alexander appreciated the heroism of Indian king, appreciated Indian philosophy and looked after his soldiers to the best of his ability. He always discussed matters of importance and mourned the death of his close friend for months and he had been kind to not only his people, but also to the vanquished. Green does not rely much on facts and real research and instead, relies on unconfirmed material. â€Å"Nevertheless, few have been as free as Green in accepting uncorroborated slander as fact†¦.it should not be a book to be introduced students to

No Child Left Behind standardized testing Research Paper

No Child Left Behind standardized testing - Research Paper Example Every school-child has to undergo high-test standardized testing so as to move from different levels of education and to be compared to others from different regions. In this chapter, we are going to look at differences between high standard test and regular tests and the effects they impose on both the teachers and the students. The author, Smith M.L, of the book ‘The Effects of External Testing on Teachers’, conducted an educational research, on the implications of conducting standardized tests in the school, for teachers. The main aim of the study was to find out if there exists some difference in the teacher’s psychological and emotional response when the regular classroom exams are conducted and the standardized tests (Smith, 1991). After the research, he found that there were some significant changes in both the teachers’ anxiety and psychological states, due to some effects impacted on them by these tests. In the journal, ‘Psychology in the Schools’, the author talks of the anxious responses that students undergo due to high-stakes testing (Natasha, 2013). The authors’ talk of the anxious responses that students undergo during the time they face the standardized tests and the number of preparations they undergo so as to face these tests. In this journal, the authors say that students are more used to the normal tests than the standardized ones, hence the change in the responses towards these different tests. In the book ‘Academy of Management Learning & Education’, the authors talk of the different preparation students can be given when facing the standardized tests (Dean & Joly, 2012). In the book, the author says that at times students become disengaged, lose their identity and have lowered morale towards learning. They address they way of handling the different situations created by standardized tests and different methods in managing learning and education. The informal measures of text anxiety

Forever by Judy Blume (responses) Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Forever by Judy Blume (responses) - Assignment Example The respondent was objective when he acknowledged that the best relationship is between parents and their children. It is important to note that children learn from their parents. For example, Katherine learned responsible parenthood from her mother. The respondent tries to recognize the fact that Katherine had her priorities right when she established a relationship with Michael. However, the respondent fails to illustrate that Katherine was patient and loving until she gave herself to Michael. The respondent also acknowledges the fact that the relationship between Katherine and Michael was healthy until they were separated by distance. Lastly, the respondent was correct when he observed that the relationships between parents and children or basically between the older and young ones are healthy. He was able to note that the relationship between Katherine and her parents allowed her to obtain knowledge on sexually transmitted infections, parenthood and abortion. Her parents also warn her against staying with boys and wishes she would bring them

The Interactional View of Paul Watzlawick Essay

The Interactional View of Paul Watzlawick - Essay Example The children and the mother as well expressed their embarrassment of the father’s condition (content) and communicated this through the way they avoided being associated with him in public. As punctuation dictates, communication depends on whether the person is in a reactive or provocative position (one who starts the conversation) (GÃ ®fu and Teodorescu 50).In this context, the father was mostly in the reactive end. He reacted to his family’s behavior by ceasing to associate with them in public. The communication is not symmetrical.It was one-up communication (GÃ ®fu and Teodorescu 49. The other members of his family assumed a higher role in the exchanges as depicted in the case of the mother shutting down his opinion regarding the education of their youngest son. Reframing in the family comes about when the family decides to visit the counselor. The members of the family decide to get rid of the destructive rules that had guided their previous relationship. This mea nt understanding that the father deserves respect, love and equal chance in the relationship.The film features a family wracked by alcoholism. Alice Green portrays the character of a school counselor who harbors a serious drinking problem and is married to Michael, who is an airline, pilot. Though she is a loving and light-hearted woman, she is often drunk and reckless causing her to ignore her children. The whole movie can be used to illustrate the interactional theory as different scenes illustrate different elements.

Report Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Report - Research Paper Example This makes it extremely hard for such businesses to structure their operations toward meeting fully the demands of their customers (Noel 67). It was found out that most companies and businesses ignore the importance of information relating to consumer behavior. More than half of the businesses have failed to put into consideration the significance of data regarding the consumers; responses and behavior patterns in the market. Just about two-thirds of firms use the information they have to make decisions (Linehan 100). From the above statistics, it is noticeable that companies ignore the role consumer behavior plays in their market performance. It is suggested that all firms should focus and invest in unearthing information about their consumers’ behaviors. The data collected should be interpreted and utilized in formulating strategic decisions that aim at improving sales performance (Hanley and Morgan

All of our Choices are Predetermined Essay Example for Free

All of our Choices are Predetermined Essay The Universe appears to be governed entirely by laws, studies of physics seem to show that atoms follow an extremely predictable pattern of cause and effect. This presents a difficult problem for philosophy; if all physical matter is governed by the laws of cause and effect, and we ourselves are comprised of physical matter, how could it be so that any choices we make could be seen to be free? The suggestion that our choices are set out by cause and effect is known as Determinism. Philosophers such as Ted Honderich have argued for determinism and for the consequences that it cancels out free will. It seems insensible to argue that we are not in the least bit determined, and almost all people know from personal experience that people act in a relatively stable and predictable way. For example, if I were to ask my father if he wanted tea or coffee, I would know that he would want coffee based on his love of coffee, and hatred for tea. This preference could not be argued in any way to be a choice made by him, we do not choose what we like, but simply do. Whether our preferences are based on nature or nurture is an ongoing debate, but regardless of the final conclusion, as long as our opinions are based on either of the two options, we would be seen to be determined. Nature is not in our control, neither on the other hand, is nurture. If our personalities are based on environmental or genetic factors and nothing else then our actions are surely determined. This position is extremely convincing and was famously used by Clarence Darrow to prevent two murderers from receiving the death penalty, he argued that they where a product of their upbringing and as such could not be held morally responsible for their actions. This meant, while they could be jailed to prevent threat to society, they could not be punished with the death penalty. The viewpoint of Determinism, while convincing, is by no means universally accepted. The argument seems to go against our intuitions that we are free -although it is notable at this point that our intuitions themselves are philosophically worthless, we cannot argue for an element of truth on the grounds that we feel it is true- and is seemingly incompatible with the view of a God who punishes and rewards his creations with heaven and hell. If our actions are predetermined, then it seems that punishment in hell would be arbitrary. God would simply be creating people in a flawed way, and then punishing them for his poor skills of creation. Needless to say, this viewpoint is not accepted by many Christians and so there have been many arguments for a lack of determinism in philosophy. The belief of Libertarianism, is that we are completely free; in the words of Jean-Paul Sartre I am not free not to be free. Though Sartres beliefs on free will were more assertions than arguments of proofs, he summarises the Libertarian view point perfectly. All our actions are completely freely chosen, our only confinement is that we cannot be confined. Libertarianism has the difficult task of explaining how it is possible to defend non-determined choices in an environment where all things seem to be determined by cause and effect. As already stated, if our personality is held to be nothing but a result of nature of nurture, then determinism must be accepted as a matter of logical consistency. From this, many Libertarians would stipulate the existence of a super-natural element to our personality. For example, if one were to believe in a soul, then it is possible to argue the physical laws of cause and effect have no bearing on our actions. This does seem to contradict fairly obvious observable evidence. Psychology has frequently found causes for human behaviour, and it is difficult to explain the consistency and successes of this particular scientific discipline if we do not accept that our choices are determined in some way. One of the more successful attempts of Libertarianism to discredit Determinism is the pointing to laws of physics that do not seem to obey causality. Heisenbergs Uncertainty Principle shows distinct examples of elements of nature acting randomly, and not due to cause and effect. There are two main criticisms that can be made of this argument; One, that this principle only functions on an minute level, while actual objects such as people still obey determined laws of physics (although science has proven the principle can be amplified to affect people), and; Two, that even where actions random, there would still not be free will, while we would not live in a predetermined environment, we would still live in a (randomly) determined environment. If one was to roll a dice in order to decide the actions a prisoner should take, they would not be considered free by any means. The fundamental flaw of Libertarianism, is that when we examine how it would work, it seems to collapse. As all choices are made according to our personality, a serial killer, is only so because he has a serial killers personality. This statement would suggest determinism and could only be argued against in two ways: Firstly, we could state that the serial killer has no personality, this however, seems nearly impossible to uphold. Without personality, we would have no preferences and without preferences we could not make any choice at all. Asking someone who has no preference of good over evil, or pleasure over pain, to make a moral decision would be rather like asking someone whether they prefer white to white. Without personality, we would not be able to make any choice at all, as no options would appeal to us over others. It could be argued, that decisions can still be made according to rationalism, but as rationalism and logic are consistent discipline this would make our actions even more predictable and un-chosen than determinism suggests. So this argument cannot be used to defend Libertarianism. Secondly, we could suggest that the Serial-Killer was in some way in control of his personality. That he chose his preference of evil over good. This again fails. As we have already stated, choices cannot be made without personality, so to choose a personality we would require a personality for us to choose, this initial personality would determine the personality we chose. We could attempt to argue that this initial personality was chosen, but very soon we would have to give way to infinite regression. With this in mind, Libertarianism and the suggestion that our choices are anything but pre-determined or random, is not only completely incompatible with the current model of physics and psychology, but more importantly is incompatible with choice itself (as choice requires preference, preference designates personality which in turn suggests determinism). Libertarianism is a self defeating system in that it requires an absence of will to prove free will, which would be rendered useless without will. There is also a logical argument against Libertarianism. J.J.C Smart points out that there are two possible states of things, i.e. determinism or indeterminism. Either determinism is true, or indeterminism is true, these exhaust all possible philosophical options. Determinism would prevent a Libertarian view as our choices are predetermined, indeterminism would seem to prevent Libertarian view also, as our choices are random and thus not controlled or free. From this argument, we can see that a Libertarian argument for free will is impossible. It seems undeniable therefore, that all our choices are pre-determined -or in the least part random, whether our choices are in fact pre-determined or random is largely down to physicists to discover, currently it seems to be that we are in fact pre-determined, but this cannot be assured without knowledge of all physics. Even if our choices are not predetermined, what they are not -as has been argued in the course of this essay- is freely chosen, at least according to the viewpoint of free will presented by libertarianism. But what would the effects of this be? Hard determinism would argue that we cannot claim to possess free will in a deterministic environment. The problem with this position seems to be that we have defined free will incorrectly. The view of free-will as indifference, has in the course of this essay been demonstrated as problematic, and if we adopt this view of free-will then hard determinism would seem an agreeable viewpoint, the problem is, that this seems an utterly meaningless way of discussing free will. Free will does not appear to refer to the ability of will to change itself, when we refer to a free lion, we do not mean it is free to change to a tiger or a bird, we simply mean it is free to act according to its nature. It would therefore seem to be more useful to discuss free will in the sense of a will being able to act itself out, we are free if we could have chosen otherwise HAD our will been different. This Compatibilist approach adopted by David Hume seems to allow us to discuss free will in a meaningful way, within what seems to be a predetermined environment.

Electronic Notice Board Software

Electronic Notice Board Software ENB project was created to modernise the classic means of communication through the pin and paperboard based communication to the more efficient and dynamic communication of general information to the students of the Bolton University. Student and faculty will get the timely information while they are walking around School office or in Labs. ENB will remind the student about the critical dates for the exams, social events, and warnings etc. It will positively affect the student behaviour towards the academic excellence and time management. ENB will decrease the rate of late assignments submission and absents among the students. ENB will decrease the workload of university management for printing and pasting the traditional paper based notice boards. ENB system will not require any additional hardware and it will be developed in the Microsoft Visual Basic .net Express Edition and Microsoft SQL server Database hence low cost of development and implementation. ENB will bring forth a positive change in the university environment. ENB project was created using the VB.NET and SQL database express editions, which are free of cost. Database is designed to ensure the efficiency of the software in the network environment. A survey was conducted on the sample of students to evaluate the potential of ENB to improve the overall communication in the campus. To ensure the successful implementation of the project the software was tested and evaluated in the campus environment. The final solution met all the basic requirements and also delivered some extra features. Further features and improvement can be added in the future. The report has the details of the ENB project from start to end, including the requirement analysis, background research, design, implementation, testing and evaluation stages. CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Problem Definition During my time in university I have missed many recreational occasions and a couple of times I have missed important dates of final assignment submissions as I was miss informed about the dates. All these errors of misinformation made me realize the necessity of an electronics notice board. In the University of Bolton there are many problems, distinguish is between rumour and true information. At times dates are changed and change of plan is very poorly communicated to the students and faculty, which creates confusion. In case of an ENB students will have access to important announcements while walking around and have the benefit of being reminded several times a day. Currently university administration is using a Paper based notice board. A printed black and white poster is pasted on the notice board to announce university events. The method indeed consumes the administrative and clerical time of the university. Sometimes the change of dates is not timely announced, which provokes frustration among the students of the concerned disciplines. The ENB project was realised and envisaged based on the concept of improving the communication channels within the University campus among students and the faculty members. For example to announce the start of new semester a simple piece of paper is loosely pasted at the front door notice board of school office. Sometimes the fonts are not appropriate and the black ink prints are not very attractive and appealing to grab the real attention of the concerned students. So the students miss the critical information and often submit the final project or prepare for the final exams very close to the deadline. In my opinion irrespective of the students aptitude the fault might be at the universitys end. The ENB will effectively convey the key academic information to the students hence there will be great reduction in the late submission of the final projects and assignments. The ENB will play a powerful role at will increase the academic productive of the students. A notice board can be defined as Abulletin board(pinboard,pin boardornotice boardin British English) is a place where people can leave publicmessages [1] A Notice Board is a traditional tool for the dissemination of information in academic campuses. A traditional Notice board is made of a wooden frame with a soft central square of cork for pinning the papers of information for the students. Widespread adaptation of information technology has changed the traditional means of information dispersion. Electronic notice board is an innovative replacement for the traditional wood and cork notice boards. Due to the dynamic nature of the electronic notice board it has practical application in the corporate environment. Following are some of the case studies about the practical application of electronic notice board in both academic and corporate scenarios. Aim The project ENB aims to develop and implement application software that will disseminate the academic information in the network environment among the students and faculty members. The project ENB will open the new powerful channel of communication between university management and students. The solution will consist of a page server and client PCs as the notice boards. In the design phase I will focus on to simplifying the end user experience of using the ENB. End users will probably include members of admin staff. For the administrator it will be hassle free to upload the different formats of multimedia. There will be some quick templates to quickly upload the announcements. The ENB system first time configuration will be automatic therefore very easy. There must be server software on one end therefore the client side will automatically detect the server. In case of multiple page servers the ENB system will give options to connect. The ENB system will be Database driven hence it will take the minimal amount of network bandwidth. The ENB system will be network based therefore additional network optimization technology will be deployed to make it as fast as possible The system will be operated by Administrator and other staff to assist them in scheduling tasks for messages in the near future. Also an aim of the project is to develop the framework so that it is easy to extend in the future. Objectives The ENB system will be developed using the visual basic programming language and MS SQL SERVER database. I will focus on the following outcomes for the finished product. In order to satisfy the aim the following objectives need to be achieved: Deploying a software engineering methodology relevant to the ENB project Design a data model for ENB Design and develop an integrated system to query the data model Test and Evaluate the ENB against the requirements Minimum Requirements A prototype of an integrated framework for Electronic Notice Board system which can be informative and flexible. A prototype to input and store task commands. A prototype to input and store scheduled task commands. A prototype to input and transfer scheduled task to task command data. Enhancements A login system to provide security for the server application. View of Report of pending tasks for any date. View of Report of completed tasks for any date. Administrator prototype to add new users on database server. Administrator prototype to run client in Admin mode. Data bound schema to control scheduled tasks. Controlling the clients status active or inactive Input FIFO: First in First out. As task is set to client, it is executed straight away. Time Controlled pattern: Events are controlled by given time. Time can span to any number of minutes, hours or even days. Date Controlled pattern: Events are controlled by given Date. Time and date controlled pattern: combination of Time Controlled pattern and Date controlled pattern. Client Registration Data Primary Input Client Id, Client Name, Client Unique Id, Time of Registration, Date of Registration. Secondary Input Client State. Base Data (Client Data) Base table is basically a blueprint for all clients. (Primary Input) Record Id, Task Id, Task Command, Task Arguments (Additional input) Task in Time, Task in Date, Task State Scheduled Data It is same as Base Database. (Primary Input) Record Id, Task Id, Task Command, Task Arguments (Additional input) Task in Time, Task in Date, Task State Output For each task that is in current execution schema is grouped by registered users and are performed by clients on given time span. Scheduled tasks are placed in scheduler and on given time they are transferred to corresponding client(s) for execution. Requirements Analysis The purpose for this project is not to develop a system that can act as a notice board but to integrate and utilize data driven technology to accomplish complex tasks with ease without any additional hardware to display message. Integrated scheduling technology provides flexibility and automation. Orange valley systems are the market leader for marketing the ENB application for the business organizations Appendix WRITE IT IN END. A thorough analysis was conducted on the orange valley product. Basic idea for the ENB features was captured from the screen shots available from their website. In depth interviews were conducted with the students, friends, and the IT administrator staff. On collecting the requirement analysis data from the above research the following functional and non functional requirements were devised. Functional Requirements Add and edit tasks. Add and edit scheduled tasks. Add and remove tasks. Schedule tasks Display reports of tasks. Non Functional Requirements System must be easy to use and navigate. System should have a consistent interface. CHAPTER 2 METHODOLOGIES Methodologies Communication is the lifeline of any social system. Success of any organization is directly related to the effectiveness for their communication systems. Academics are no exception for this. An effective campus communication system must be understood, credible, and practically utilized. Attributes about the campus communication In the year 1973 Mr. Anderson Jerry M presented his research papers at the Annual meeting of the Nebraska speech communication association. Title of the research papers were Improving the internal communication: A campus Quandary. Research papers were based on the formal interviews with the 90 interviewees. Each interview took 15 to 90 minutes. Interviewees were randomly selected persons of the campuses. Interviewees included the campus administrators, faculty, students, staff, alumni and trustees representing 30 post secondary institutions of different sizes. Past research data was also used to analyze the results of the research. The 1971-72 opinion research was based on an interview format designed to be open-ended to encourage respondents to call upon personal experience and ventilate feelings. The interviews unveiled the issues and anxieties regarding the campus communication. Two questions formed the basis for interviews, except in a few instances where a more structured questioning approach was necessitated to elicit more extended responses. Those two questions: From your perspective and experiences, how effective is communication on this campus? What, if anything, would you do to improve it? [2] Three general attitudes clearly emerged. The need for improved campus communication is among the most significant and pressing problems. When asked why, most answered that the functional operation of the campus was dependent upon communication effectiveness and it could be much improved, and internal effectiveness as perceived by those outside the campus would determine the level of future support. Recommendations for improvement were multiple, usually incomplete in development, and concluded with the statement that no clear solutions existed. Concern was expressed about the lack of sensitivity and attention to communication problems by those with the expertise to improve the situation and by others in positions to effect change. Opinion research drew the following conclusions. Research uncovered a strong need to improve the campus communication. Old faculty members were nostalgic about the good old days when they knew everybody in campus and always knew the important events Campus members realize the ultimate responsibility of communication lies on administration Administrator is frustrated about changing the campus communication. They dont understand the approach to the change. They themselves are confused on aligning their communication between deans and faculty. Faculty members and chairman were not happy with the unreasonable deadlines, dissemination of information in clusters, reactions to proposed policies. Communication denial and communication under load were the main concern of middle level management. Campus staff was concerned about the lack of confidence upon their colleagues due to surveillance and audit of their work. Information used to distort when passing down or up in the hierarchy of the organization. Traditional approaches were not working 20% of the sample showed their lack of interest for improving the campus communication. These were mostly the students and faculty members. Interviewees were most distrustful about the administrative communication behaviour especially lack of disclosure Solutions for improving the Campus Communication Communication had been improved using the technological advances. Providing informational announcement is on closed circuit television between classes had proven to be effective. The use of telephone answering services in offices during after hours, and as a message dissemination system for people to call and hear important recorded messages. Catalogues and bulletins and other information sources need be written with the sensitivity to readability. Departments or divisions, large institutions, should be encouraged to develop newsletters. Bulletin boards could be kept up to date and used more extensively I have chance to review the communication methods deployed by the UK universities. These are some general and specialise methods. News Kantor, Brian and Phil Lapsley Network News Transfer Protocol: A Proposed Standard for the Stream-Based Transmission of News. 1986. [3] Universities employ NNTP (network news transfer protocol) service named News as the official bulletin board. NNTP provides discussion forums for modules, programming languages and other both academic and non-academic topics. NNTP has also the application of a notice board where official announcements are posted. Students can access the news by any newsreader. Thunderbird email client and Tin are popular newsreader. Students are required to read the newsgroups on a regular basis as it is the main method of official communication between the school and students. It has been noticed in the recent years a falling trend of reading news among the university students. Email Universities provide everyone with an email account. Using email to communicate has several advantages. Email Communications are often more effective than printed direct mail. [4] Firstly email is a flexible system that by now has large amounts of web integration. Therefore people have flexibility in how to access their email account Secondly email is an accepted method of communication with people usually inspecting their email on a habitual basis and therefore messages be likely to get read. As a broader point, email is simply further widely used all-round. SIS The term SIS School Information System is used in some of the UK universities. SIS provides information on students, staff, modules, timetables, coursework and more. From the perspective of an undergraduate student, SIS provides access to the school timetables, modules information, and coursework results and is also used to facilitate the submission of electronic coursework. Module websites In most of the UK universities every module has its own WebPages. Modular group of pages can be accessed on adding codes in the official URL. These web pages typically include the outline of the module, lecture slides from each lecture, sample coursework, additional reading and information on the examination and assessment process for the module. [5] Wiki The simplest online database that could possibly work.[6] Universities have link to the WIKI. WIKI has rigorous information of how to and guides to using the facilities. The wiki provides plenty of helpful information and is frequently the first port of call for numerous students when students have a problem or desire information on the University facilities. University of Bolton has the WIKI. It also has new information that people are continuously adding. However until now nearly all of the edits have been through by staff or by a small selection of students. It has up till now to be fully embraced by undergraduate students with a small number of using it on a regular basis and barely any undergraduates contributing to it. VLE (Virtual Learning Environment) Mostly Uk Universities Library has a virtual learning environment which the universities developed in-house and launched in around 1996. Access to the environment is available through a web browser for both students and guests [7].The thought is to create a virtual campus online separated up into various buildings which house the different resources on offer. The quantity of information available varies from school to school and from module to module. For example the business school has a chat room, module information, lecture slides and past exam papers for a large number of their modules. The School of Computing however does not. This is most probably because all this information is available on the schools intranet. The VLE also provides quick access to searching Google, Oxford reference dictionary, Thesaurus.com, Institute and the library catalogue. Facebook Facebook is a social networking website analogous to MySpace. It was at first targeted at university students. The site was launched in 2004. It was primarily developed for student community of Harvard and extended to offer networks for other universities and ultimately opened membership to all and sundry in 2006. The idea is based around a series of networks, one for each university. In order to join the network one needs to use a valid email address for that institution (for instance, in order to join the University of Bolton network you require to use a @Bolton.ac.uk email address. You then have access to that networks features such as being able to view peoples profiles, joining groups and creating and replying to event invitations. Facebook is amazingly popular with students, claiming a penetration rate of 85% among US college students. Facebook also achieves very high levels of user retention. Over 50% of its user base visits the site every day [8] and on average each user view s 50 pages of the site per day. The main problem with Facebook from the perspective of the school is that is it not managed by the Institution and the Institution has no control over it. The school has no effective way to utilise Facebook to communicate with students as it does not have control over the School of Computing group on Facebook and only a minority of the staff are registered on the site. A more elemental problem is that Facebook is a social networking website intended for students and was not intended to be used for academic activities or to be utilised by academic institutions. Conclusion In the universities of UK current methods of campus communication do not seem to be engaging the students. Declining use of the News and other web based IT platform shows that students information needs are not met. Facebook is very popular but Universities have no control on it. Therefore it would appear to the Universities requirement to deal with these problems either by upgrading their existing systems or adopting a new system in order to engage students more and meet the new level of expectations of the students. CHAPTER 3 BACKGROUND RESEARCH Background Reading Software Engineering Methodologies A methodology is a structured approach to design and develop the software, hence reducing the chances of software project failure. Methodology provides a recommendation of a series of steps to be followed [9]. There are number of software development methodologies. The selection of the methodology depends on the scoop and complexity of the project. Some of the famous methodologies are Waterfall Model which is also described classical model [10]. The Spiral Model was introduced to replace the Waterfall Model [4]. The Spiral model is being criticised for its rigidity. The Rapid Application Development (RAD) methodology became popular in the early 1990s due to the perceived deficiencies of the traditional waterfall approach [11]. RAD is ideal for the projects where requirements may change during or after the development.RAD has advantage on other methodologies to save the time required for development. Prototyping is another methodology in which developer builds an application from the requirements. There are two types of prototyping methodologies evolutionary prototyping and throwaway prototyping. It is important to decide in advance the selection for the type of prototyping methodology [12]. After a thorough analysis it seems that no single methodology is suitable for the ENB project. Chosen methodology will be explained in the following section. Chosen Methodology It has been decided after reviewing the common methodologies, it seems appropriate to select the Evolutionary prototyping methodology for the ENB project. RAD will be used to develop the required features of the ENB software. Using an only the approach of RAD will lead to the errors and the prototyping will allow correcting the errors. Prototyping has the four main stages. Identification of the requirements. Development of a prototype system. Review the prototype. Revisions and enhancements of the Prototype. Prototyping typing will allow the development of the certain module of the project. Even if the whole project is not developed, there will be basic system to be developed further in the future. For example server side application will be developed with all requirements of scheduling, the tasks and defining the users rights. The client application will be developed afterwards. Client application will have support for the features of the server. On the user evaluation the further features will be added on the server side. RAD will be used on each phase of the development therefore the client server applications will be developed rapidly. RAD will be used within each phase of development, so the Time Controlled pattern / Date Controlled pattern Input task will be developed rapidly. Similarly the other aspects will be developed like this and will together form the overall framework, which will develop as an evolutionary prototype. Each aspect of the system will be developed using a RAD approach and then modified, this will include the database development, the input component and the output component. The evolutionary prototype will allow for any bugs to be corrected during the development instead of detecting and correcting them during the testing phase. Tools and Applications Database Systems The system involves the use of a lot of information, some which will be needed several times and the most appropriate form of storage of this data is in a database. This will allow data to be saved from input to the system and retrieved to be used by the system. As an important aspect of this project is use of Time Control System. In this section several databases are reviewed for their suitability to this project. Microsoft Access Microsoft Access is Bundles of RDBS with the Microsoft Office. MS Access is widely spread on the windows based PCs. It is dependent on the windows environment therefore it cant be deployed on the Linux or UNIX environment. MS access has a GUI, Which facilitates creating the database tables and their relations, queries, forms and reports. MS Access is one of the best selling databases and it has a lot of support available from Microsoft and this is likely to remain so in the future [13]. MS access has disadvantages. It has data limit of 2GB. It is not ideal to use on the network. MS access has lax security measures to prevent the unauthorized access. These disadvantages would be an issue for this project as the system is likely to be accessed by a multiple users at a time and multimedia files will be run on it, it is very likely to exceed 2GB in size. There is a possible security risk of an MS Access database due to it being stored as a single file if un-trusted sources gain access to the folder it is contained in [14]. Most important drawback of MS Access is that lack of network support. ENB is totally depending on Network environment for communication which is by no means supported by MS Access. MS SQL Server MS SQL Server has been developed by Microsoft and it is their more expensive but more robust alternative to MS Access. MS SQL Server is more commonly used by businesses for small to medium sized databases. MS SQL Server is a high performance database with a bundle of functionality and it also has built in security features for LAN/WAN and web environment. There are free express versions of MS SQL Server that can be downloaded for free, however free versions offer less in functionality [15]. MS SQL Server utilizes Transact-SQL as its primary query language. MS SQL Server allows procedures to be stored within the database comparable to MS Access queries. This reduces load on the network bandwidth because only the variables are sent to the data along with the related procedures to be executed not the entire queries. This method is useful for the regular database queries. The method also protects the database from the injection attacks [16]. Sql server has the following disadvantages. It can only work on Windows environment Professional and Enterprise editions has costly license fee As far the ENB project the Enterprise edition is not required. MySQL MySQL is free open source relational database management system. MySQL is the most popular open source database due to its high performance [17]. MySQL has compatibility with any operating system including Linux, UNIX, Mac and Windows. It can also handle large amounts of data and provides security through user authorization and access privileges [18]. MySQL was designed to use on the internet, due to the high performance and very advance features MySQL is a favourite database for the desktop applications. A disadvantage of MySQL is that it is not ideal to set foreign key references [19]. PostgreSQL PostgreSQL is also an open source RDBMS, it is a platform independent database management system analogous to MySQL, however it has more advance features such as triggers. On implementing all features PostgreSQL performance is slower as compare to MySQL. PostgreSQL is the database of many high profile applications such as Skype and Hi5.com. PostgreSQL database design is more complex than MySQL. Performance of PostgreSQL is relatively slow [19]. Chosen Database Management System On reviewing the above database systems the following analysis are being concluded. Ms Access has been discarded from the selection list. It has no support for the network environment. Due to the network oriented nature of the ENB project the network performance is the core issue. Network performance cant be compromised. It will jeopardize the overall functionality of the project during the network load times. PostgreSQL has similar feature as MySQL. Both are discarded on the grounds of limited GUI support for development and maintenance. Both are not closely integrated with MS VB.Net. MS SQL server 2008 Express editions has been decided to be used as database platform for the ENB project. SQL Server 2008 Express is a correct choice for project to include Multimedia database services. Microsoft SQL Server 2008 is a relational model database server produced by Microsoft. Its primary query languages are T-SQL and ANSI SQL. Due to the limited scoop of the ENB application I will use MS SQL Express Edition. Microsoft SQL Server Express is available at no cost. SQL Server Express edition relational database management system, comprises a database is limited for embedded and smaller-scale applications. Database engine is limited to receive work from a small number of users. It has several technical limitations; therefore it cant be deployed in the enterprise environment. Maximum database size of 4 GB per database. The 4 GB limit applies per database (log files excluded); but in some scenarios users can access more data through the use of multiple interconnected databases. It has the several advantages. The advantages are listed in the following lines. Its free of cost SQL server express edition has all the features required for my ENB project. SQL server express edition has Management studio. Limited support for multiple clients on LAN. SQL management studio will simplify the management and maintenance of the ENB database. Most of the IT technician and administrators are well versed with the MS SQL server. GUI tools will allow administrator to easily troubleshoot the common database issues. Main reason for selecting the SQL server is the TCP/IP pipes. TCP/IP pipes technology is very efficient on network as compare to the traditional TCP/IP packets. Programming Environments An appropriate programming environment is required for the system development. The programming tool must be capable to develop the graphical user interface to display the understandable output to the end user. In the ENB project the end user will the system administrator. It has been selected that MS SQL Server will be used to store the Database so the Programming tool must be able to interact with the MS SQL database. The chosen language should include support for object-oriented implementations. Booch (1998) stated Each object can be viewed as an independent little machine with a distinct role or responsibility [20]. Objected oriented language would allow efficient data parsing. The development in the high level programming tool is simpler than coding in the low level programming environment. Indeed high level programming tool reduces the cost of development as well the time spent on coding. Some of the programming environments are analyzed in the detail. Java Java is an object oriented programming language, developed by Sun Microsystems [21]. Java is a well accepted high-level language. ICN students study java during the firs

Dayan During His Military Career History Essay

Dayan During His Military Career History Essay 1. Moshe Dayan was a well-known Israeli military leader and politician. He was born in May 1915 in Degania near the Sea of Galilee in Palestine which was a part of the Ottoman Empire. Dayan was the youngest son of Shmuel and Dvorah. With the beginning of his life Dayan joined Haganah the Jewish military organisation against Arab attacks when he was 14. He joined the Palestine Supernumerary Police in 1938 and became sergeant then he was imprisoned by British in Acre  prison in 1939 with another forty two of his subordinates due to maintaining quantity of illegal rifles. They were released in 1941 after Chaim Weizmanns (first President of Israel) investigation in London then he joined British Army as an officer. During World War II in Syria-Lebanon Campaign Dayan was wounded and he lost his left eye due to a rifle shot fired by a sniper from quite a few hundred yards away, due to the nature of wound he could not use artificial eye. Thereafter he dressed in a black eye patch. 2. Key appointments of Dayan during his military career were, Haganah  General Staff working on Arab affairs. The first Commander of the  89th Armoured Battalion. Military Commander of Jewish controlled areas in  Jerusalem. October 1949 he was promoted to the rank of Major General and appointed as the Commander Southern Command. In 1952 he was appointed to the Operational Commander of the Northern Command. Head of Operations General Branch. Appointed as Chief of Staff in December 1953. 3. Key appointments of Dayan during his political career were: Minister of Agriculture. Minister of Defense.   Foreign Minister. 4. During the period of Minister of Defence Dayan conducted several major operations. They were Six Day War in 1967 and Yom Kippur War in 1973. 5. Then as the Foreign Minister he was the key person to implement the  Camp David Accords, a peace agreement with Egypt. 6.   In 1981 Dayan formed a new political party called  Telem. During the 1981 election Telem party won two seats but countrys greatest military and political leader, Israels legacy or legendary hero closed his eye shortly due to a serious heart attack In Tel Aviv. AIM 7. The aim of this presentation is to study and analysis leadership qualities of Moshe Dayan the legendary hero of Israel. SEQUENCE 8. This presentation unfolds under following sequence. Military career. Political career. Leadership qualities. Comparison with his Counterparts Conclusion. MILITARY CAREER 9. When he was only 14 years old, Dayan joined the  Haganah, an underground organization that defended Jewish settlements from Arab attacks. In 1936, Sergeant Dayan served with several regiments when the British in charge of Palestine authorized an attachment of the Haganah. Dayan gained command of one of the Mobile Guards of the Jewish Settlement Police in 1937. By 1938, he had risen to be an instructor, training Sergeant for the Auxiliary Force. During the riots in 1936 to 1939,  he served with the special police force in the Jezreel Valley and Galilee. 10. When the British banned the  Haganah in 1939, Dayan was arrested and imprisoned for two years. Upon his release in 1941, Dayan joined the British army, where he served with the forces that liberated Lebanon and Syria from Vichy France during World War II. Dayan was wounded in battle in Lebanon and lost his left eye. He began to wear the black eye patch that later became his identity. He remained active in the  Haganah until 1948. 11. War of independence  began when he commanded the defense of Jewish settlements in the Jordan Valley as a major in 1948. Later he commanded the battalion that attacked the city of Lydda and helped to halt Egyptian forces on the southern front. In August 1948, he promoted to the rank of Lieutenant Colonel and he was appointed commander of the Jerusalem  front. In 1949, he participated in ceasefire  talks with Jordanian officials in Rhodes. By the conclusion of the conflict in 1949, Dayan wore the rank of Major General and became in charge of the Southern Command at Beersheba. Dayans military proficiency allowed him to rise to the appointment of chief of operations at General Headquarters in 1952. 12. During the post war years, Dayan pioneered to organize a professional Israeli Defence Force (IDF) in 1953 and he became the Chief of Staff of the IDF. In 1956, during the Sinai campaign Dayan defeated the Egyptians in eight short days. In Israel and around the world, the Black Eye Patched General became the symbol of Jewish military proficiency. 13. Dayans skills in training and his aggressiveness and flexibility on the battlefield made the IDF one of the worlds most efficient and effective fighting forces of all time. In 1958, Moshe Dayan retired from the Army. WITH BRITISH ARMY 14. During his tenure with British army, he served with the forces that liberated Lebanon and Syria from Vichy France during World War II. He practiced the experience he gains from the past especially the guerrilla tactics. Later he cooperated with British Intelligence to set up a broadcasting network for clandestine operations behind enemy lines. That demonstrated his capability on the intelligent aspect which he gained confidence on his command in future. BATTLE OF LYDDA 15. In 1948 when he commanded the 89th armoured battalion that attacked the city of Lydda and helped to halt Egyptian forces on the southern front when he was Lieutenant Colonel. Afternoon of 11 July, Israels moved into Lydda. The raid was carried out on Dayans initiative without coordinating it with his commander. Using a column of jeeps led by a Marmon Harrington armored vehicle with a cannon taken from the Arab Legion the day before he launched the attack in daylight,  driving through the town from east to west machine gunning anything that moved, then along the Lydda-Ramle road firing at militia posts until they reached the train station in Ramle. Troops faced heavy fire from the Arab Legion in the police stations in Lydda and on the Lydda-Ramle road. 16. The raid lasted 47 minutes, leaving 100 to 150 Arabs dead. Six died and 21 were wounded on the Israeli side. The high casualty rate was caused by confusion over which Dayans troops were. The IDF was led by an armored car seized from the Arab Legion. Residents may have believed the Arab Legion had arrived, only to encounter Dayans forces shooting at everything as they ran from their homes. Dayan shows his leadership qualities of courage and initiative during this campaign. CEASEFIRE TALKS WITH JORDAN 17. In 1949, he participated in ceasefire  talks with Jordanian officials at Rhodes. Dayan served on a commission held in Rhodes which had assembled to try to work out a settlement between the Jewish and the Arabs. Between 1949 and 1950, he held secret talks with King Abdullah of Jordan. The King was one of the most influential Arabs in the region and his input and support was vital if the area was to become peaceful as opposed to a hotbed of Malcontents. However, at these meetings, Dayan proved to be a tough negotiator and refused to compromise. As a result, nothing came out of these meetings that would lead to stability in the Middle East. AS THE CHIEF OF STAFF 18. Dayan became the Chief of Staff of the IDF, and the entire Israeli military began to take on his personality. Dayan carried out a major reorganization of the Israeli army, which included: a. Raising the Intelligence and Training Branches of the Israeli Army. b. Surrendering the activities of stores and procurement to the civilian Ministry of Defense. c. Revamping the mobilization scheme and ensuring earmarking for adequate equipment. d. Starting a military academy for officers of the rank of major and above. e. Emphasized strike forces (Air Force, Armour) and on training of Commando battalions. f. Developed a youth wing for military training. 19. This is where he highlighted his great qualities of leadership of sound knowledge, planning capability and organizing ability. SINAI CAMPAIGN 20. Israeli units parachuted into the eastern approaches of the Mitla Pass near the Suez Canal on 29 October 1956. It was a political objective rather than tactical or strategic objective. The action provided the pretext for a French and British ultimatum to Israel and Egypt, calling on both sides to cease hostilities and withdraw from the Canal area. For diversionary reasons, Israeli forces also advanced on southern and central axes. 21. The following day, October 30, Britain and France issued the planned ultimatum, but to no effect, as heavy fighting between Egyptian and Israeli units persisted. In a swift, sweeping operation of 100 hours, under the leadership of then Chief of the General Staff, Moshe Dayan, the entire Sinai peninsula fell into Israeli hands, at a cost of 231 soldiers killed. In this stage he practiced his initiative much more comprehensive manner as a real leader who took decision past where opponent never had a chance to reflect. 22. In Israel and around the world, the Black Eye Patched General became the symbol of Jewish military proficiency. As a custom, Dayan disliked on anything not directly related to combat readiness. He emphasized weapons marksmanship, advantages of use of terrain, and an overall aggressiveness. POLITICAL CAREER 23. The world of politics and government was not strange to Moshe Dayan because as chief of staff he carried parliamentary responsibilities for conduct of military affairs in large capacity. At the end of his term as chief of staff he shed off uniform and joined at the Hebrew university of Jerusalem as a student in the political science faculty for period of two year. It was helped him to make better foundation to approach political field in perfect way. With that foundation he joined Israel`s labor party and elected and joined as a prestige member of Knesset (parliament) for Mapai area on 3 November 1959. AS AGRICULTURAL MINISTER 24. Dayan was appointed as minister of agriculture in the government of David Ben Gurion from 1959 unit 1964. This subject was not new field to him because he born and brought up in a farming atmosphere field. The orchard, the cowshed, the season of planting and harvesting were deeply infused in his blood more than tanks, guns and fighting. With his inherent experience he was able to identify problems which were faced in the agriculture field. He found that farmers faced financial difficulties and technical problems due to low prices for products, high production cost and financial difficulties to buy new tool and machineries. He analysed and identified agriculture systems of other counties. By analyzing, he was able to establish a planning authority, production and marketing council for each branch of agriculture. He made regional offices throughout the country where local farmers could receive agriculture guidance and services. AS MINISTER OF DEFENCE 25. Dayans reputation as an effective leader grew when he was appointed Minister of Defense under Levi Eshkol just in time for the Six-Day War in 1967 against Egypt, Jordan and Syria. During Yom Kippur war his actions was critically condemned by people of Israel due to huge frailer of Israel military force. The nations lack of preparation was blamed on Defense Minister Dayan and an outraged public demanded his resignation. This was caused him to give resignation to Meir in 1974 and he left his appointment. SIX DAY WAR IN 1967 26. The Six-Day War was initiated by  General Moshe Dayan as the Israelis Defence Minister. Although General Dayan did not take part in most of the planning before the Six-Day War of June 1967, his appointment contributed to the Israeli success. When the Syrians were shelling Israeli villages in Upper Galilee, Dayan was the one who made the decision to launch a full-scale attack against the Syrians. Rather than wait to be attacked, the Israelis launched a hugely successful military campaign against its perceived enemies. The air forces of Egypt, Jordan, Syria and Iraq were all destroyed in fifth June. By seventh of June, many Egyptian tanks had been destroyed in the Sinai Desert and Israeli forces reached the Suez Canal. On the same day, the whole of the west bank of the Jordan River had been cleared of Jordanian forces. The Golan Heights were captured from Syria and Israeli forces moved 30 miles into Syria itself. YOM KIPPUR WAR 1973 27. Egyptian President Anwar Sadat launched a surprise attack against Israel. On Yom Kippur, October 6, 1973, Egyptian armies crossed the Suez Canal, moved anti-aircraft missiles into the canal area, and waged war on Israel. Israeli losses were high and Israel had too short a supply of equipment to conduct a prolonged war. 28. On October 22, a cease-fire was declared, but the Israeli publics confidence had been severely shaken. Israel had been unprepared for the surprise attack and unable to repulse it quickly. The president of the Supreme Court set up a commission to investigate the performance of generals during the war. The commission recommended the resignation of the Chief of Staff, but reserved judgment on Dayan. The press and the public, however, condemned him. After attending a military funeral at which bereaved parents had called him a murderer of their sons, Dayan submitted his resignation to Meir in 1974. AS FOREIGN MINISTER 29. Year 1977, newly elected Prime Minister Menachem Begin gave him a second chance by offering him the post of Minister of Foreign Affairs. Although Dayan was from the opposition Labor Party, he accepted the appointment because he believed, I could significantly influence Israel`s moves towards achieving a peace arrangement with our neighboring Arab States and with the Palestinian inhabitants of Judea, Samaria and Gaza Strip. 30. In May 1977, Dayan began negotiating with the Egyptians. As lead negotiator, Dayan began with the premise of receiving an Arab acceptance of Israeli rule over Judea, Samaria and Gaza, in exchange for a return of Sinai to Egypt. He negotiated for 18 months, and held secret meetings with officials in India, Iran, England and Morocco. 31. With help from U.S. president and mediator Jimmy Carter, Dayan met with the Egyptians first at Leeds Castle and later at Camp David. Eventually, a peace agreement, the Camp David Accords, was drawn up and signed at 11 p.m. on Sunday September 17, 1978 32. In 1979, Dayan resigned as Foreign Minister. Dayan and Begin disagreed about the building of settlements in the territories and Dayan was frustrated by the fact that he was not leading the autonomy talks with the Palestinians. Dayan also felt that he was increasingly being bypassed on foreign policy issues. In 1981, he formed the Telem party, which advocated unilateral disengagement from the territories occupied in 1967. The party received only two mandates in the subsequent elections. LEADERSHIP QUALITIES INITIATIVE 33. Six day war against Egypt, Jordan and Syria is shows Moshe Dayans initiative significantly. When Syrians were shelling Israeli villages Dayan took the initiative to launch a full scale attack against Syrians. He was able to make it successful within very short time, giving deterrence to the Arab countries. It had highlighted the Moshe Dayans initiative and decision taking ability as an effective military leader. KNOWLEDGE 34. Moshe Dayan was a commander who had a fantastic knowledge about own and enemy. He had studied science at the Hebrew University in Jerusalem. He possessed perfect knowledge on his job all the time. Almost immediately the independence of Israel, the new state was attacked by a coalition of neighboring Arab states. Dayan put into practice his knowledge and what he had learnt fighting in World War II. 36. As Minister of Agriculture, he toured with the same zeal that he had as Defence Minister, resorting more to seeing to the implementation of his instruction rather than being confined to an office. Though the Prime Minister and the Cabinet were not too keen on using the expertise of Dayan, they were however forced by the mass to emplace him as the Defence Minister, due to his extensive knowledge on the subject. 37. Dayan was an asset to the Israeli Higher Command as he could discuss operational matters with them at their level and offer practical options. He stressed on the development of the intellectual standards of the officer corps of the IDF and took steps to provide them with a University Education on government expenses. COURAGE 38. His sense of proximity to death explains leading aspects of his character. Further his courage on battle field has been proven as the Chief of Staff. Within five years, from 1948 to 1953 he climbed up to Chief of Staff from the battalion commander. He believed that the appointment means causing the general staff to become revolutionary. When he took up Israel Army in 1951 it was fed up after the failure of Tel Aviv against Syrian Army. He shook up it and changed in to an aggressive army with his commencement of Chief of Staff. 39. Moshe Dayan saw no need for American guarantees of Israels security and strongly opposed Americas conditions, that Israel forswears territorial expansion and military retaliation. In an informal talk with the ambassadors to Washington, London, and Paris, Dayan described military retaliation as a life drug to the Israel Army. First, it obliged the Arab governments to take drastic measures to protect their borders. Second, and this was the essence, it enabled the Israeli government to maintain a high degree of tension in the country and Army. ENTHUSIASM 40. As a young man he was a guard in the village fields, later joined the Haganah. Dayan was arrested in 1939, together with 42 of his friends, for participating in an illegal Haganah commanders course, and was sentenced to ten years imprisonment. Released in 1941, he joined a British Army unit lost an eye in a battle with Vichy forces in Syria. With all those incidents his enthusiasm took him to long way as an exemplary military leader. SELF-CONFIDENCE 41. He suffered heavy criticism for not being prepared for the Arab attack during the Yom Kippur War in October 1973, Dayan became a controversial figure in Israel Although elected to the Ninth Knesset as a Lobour party member, he served as Foreign Minister in the beginning of the government until 1980-1981 elections he formed a new party, Telem, and represented it in the Tenth Knesset. Many Israelis regarded Dayan as their countrys greatest military and political leader. ABILITY TO COMMUNICATE 42. During the crisis preceding the Six Day War Dayan was appointed as Minister of Defense. After successfully conducting the War, Dayan administered the territories occupied by the Israel Army. He conducted a policy of liberal military government, opening the borders to trade and travel between the occupied territories and Arab countries. OTHER SKILLS 43. Dayan was the most fascinating and born leader who enjoyed more power during his leadership experience in both military and political. Although no one question about his overuse of power since he introduce totally new mechanism in military campaign as well in political campaign which helped to develop and ensure the security within the Middle East. Besides it has been helped by his capability of well handling of language which able to negotiate his modernizing ideas with the audience. 44. 1958 he was the Commander-in-Chief of the Israel Army. He successfully commanded the Israel forces throughout the Sinai Campaign of 1956. And also the entire Israeli military began to take on his personality. Dayan carried out a major reorganization of the Israeli army; this is where he highlighted his great qualities of leadership of sound knowledge, planning capability and as an organizer. Dayan ended his Army service in 1958 and in the fall of 1959 was elected to the Knesset as a member of the Mapai party, and became Minister of Agriculture. COMPARISON WITH HIS COUNTERPARTS EVENTS MOSHE DAYAN GAMAL ABDEL NASSER ANWAR SADAT HAFEZ AL-ASSAD Early life Enthusiasm and gain much experience which lead to become a strong leader Auare knowledge not the experience Aqure knowledge Gain profeciency and decentcy which help to become a peaseful leader Military carrier Courage and enthusiasm Gain courage in revolution 1952 Gain courage in revolution 1952 Proficiency in Air force carrier As the Chief of Staff Knowledge, modernizer and originator, Pride-Command Minister of Defence Initiative, planner Cooperation with Gamal, Knowledge As political leader Knowledge Knowledge and courage during Suez crisis 1956, modernizer in politics Initiative, peace negotiator Cunning, Knowledge Six day War Initiative, planner Failure in Initiative and assessing Failure in assessing Yom Kippur war Self-confidence, loss of Initiative Initiative, Enthusiasm 45. Moshe Dayan was an Israeli military warrior and politician who became a supporter for peace too. He was skilled in not only battle but also diplomacy. He played a key role in four wars and also helped to negotiate the historic Israeli-Egyptian peace treaty. Gamal Abdel Nasser was the president of Egypt in the same era as opponent of Dayan. He took the power over Egypt by revolution and became president. He was the only one leader in the region to go against western countries over the Suez crisis in 1956. Anwar Sadat came to power in Egypt with the death of Gamal in1970 who supported Gamal to come in to power. Hafez al-Assad was the president in Syria in that era and he was respect the peace negotiations rather than utilizes force to solve the Meddle-east crisis. KNOWLEDGE 46. Moshe Dayan as a commander had a sound knowledge about own and enemy. He possessed perfect knowledge of his job too. He gains that knowledge from his carrier from the childhood, when he joined with Haganah and from rest of carrier up to became officer in the Army. Then he exercised that knowledge during his period of Chief of staff, where he renovated the IDF and also as an Agriculture Minister where he introduced a new mechanism which help farmers to reach supervises closely for the advices. 47. When we consider the other counterparts, they were also had the same experience in their young life exempt Hafez, where they too able to acquire much knowledge. Gamal and Sadat both were worked in the Egypt Army together and had many experience their career. Latter they were utilized their possessed knowledge to become state leaders. Thereafter Gamal made many changes to economy in Egypt which country had lead towards development. MODERNIZER AND ORIGINATOR 48. Dayan was the most fascinating and origin leader who enjoyed more power during his leadership experience in both military and political career compared to other three leaders. He was always to introduce creative assets in any professional where he command or served without any reluctant. Although, Gamal Abdel Nasser was practice the quality of modernization during his period of presidency to develop the economic aspect in Egypt. COURAGE AND ENTHUSIASM 49. Dayan was the most courageous leader in that era in the region of middle-east. He proved that during his military carrier while he was conducting the operation Lidda and during Sinai campaign. And also as a Defence Minister during Six-day war. The following quotes which Dayan expresses clearly demonstrated his courage over the region: Let us not be afraid to see the hatred that consumes the lives of hundreds of thousands of Arabs who sit around us and wait for the moment when their hands will be able to reach our blood. 50. Gamal and Sadat too had quality of courage where they demonstrated during their revolution to become to power in Egypt. Although that, Hafez Al-Assad not showed much this quality during his carrier because he always respected the proficiency which lead to take peace rather than war in his life. SELF-CONFIDENCE AND INITIATIVE 51. The most powerful leadership quality possessed by Moshe Dayan in his career. While he was performing in military, he always practice this quality even his higher authority disparate. It was significantly demonstrated in Six-day war against Egypt, Syria and Jordan defeating other leaders initiative and assessing capabilities. Gamal and Sadat too possessed with the initiative which they collected from military carrier. Then they took it to practice during their revolution against the government existed in 1952. Compared to all above three leaders, Hafez had less experience on this aspect. PRIDE IN COMMAND 52. This is the leadership quality which Dayan was able to attract the most of the people in the region towards him. And also entire Army also followed him as role model. Comparing to Moshe Dayan other three leader never had this quality in their carrier. The following quote also emphasis his pride over command which he practiced throughout his life. Our American friends offer us money, arms, and advice. We take the money, we take the arms, and we decline the advice.   COMPARISION WITHIN THE COUNTRY AS A POLITICAL LEADER 53. Not only as a military leader but also as a political leader he succeeded. While he was performing as a Minister of Agriculture, introduce a new mechanism to enhance the field of agriculture in the Israel: establish a planning authority, production and marketing council for each branch of agriculture. He made regional offices throughout the country where local farmers could receive agriculture guidance and services. This was where he saws his sound leadership qualities in out of military scenario where he proved that leaders are always created by the military. 54. Comparatively to former agricultural ministers such as Kadish luz (1955-1959), Peretez Naftali (1952-1955), Levi Eshkol (1951-1952), who served in Israel, Moshe Dayan made brilliant magnificent contribution to enhance agriculture development during his period as agriculture minister. His experience, brilliant leader ship qualities and vast knowledge about the field paved way for systematical improvement in various field of agriculture. 55. Once he was given another chance by Menachem Begin to undertake as Foreign Minister, he commence his work believing that he could significantly influence Israels moves towards achieving a peace arrangement with their neighboring Arab States and with the Palestinian inhabitants of Judea and Samaria and the Gaza Strip. During this period he was able to get all other counter pert to the peace table and he could make others to think twice prior to take a decision against Israel. And it paved way for disparities in between his Arab opponents. 56. That differentiated the leadership qualities of Moshe Dayan from other contemporary leaders within the country and even from the region was significant. CONCLUSION 57. Moshe Dayan who was born to the world on May 20, 1915 where is not having a piece of land even nationality for his people, he was able to build a country called Israel, piece by piece. He gave a county to people who did not have country. He gave a nationality to people who fought for their identity. Moshe Dayan became one of Israels most famous men and found fame as a military leader associated with victories that were seemingly impossible within the  Middle East  conflicts. Dayan developed the aura of a military superman. 58. Throughout Moshe Dayans life as an Israel military and political leader number of leadership qualities can be identified and proved himself to nation long way from creating country for Jews even didnt had piece of land on their own. His courage, determination, knowledge, self confidence, enthusiasm, will power, integrity, loyalty, approachability build a country within another country, gave recognition to the nation Jews state Israel. Moshe Dayan was a good diplomat who believed peace, a hugely successful military leader who developed a legendary status. But he never forgot his ambition, once he stated his view on USA: Our American friends offer us money, arms, and advice. We take the money, we take the arms, and we decline the advice.   59. Dayans never forgot his nation, his country when liberating land from Arabs. He never forgot other nations in the world with keeping national strategy. Dayans career is probably unequalled in Israels short history. He successfully crossed over to politics and held a number of highly influential government posts before he left politics. Senior military figures had tried to do the same move from the military to politics but many have failed. 60. Moshe Dayan was a leader who is a leader of the sense of the word. He possessed several qualities through his whole life as one of the greatest leader in the history who became a legend in his own life time. He loved his enemy too. He always gave his warm hand for peace but with an eagle eye. On 16 October 1981 this great leader General Moshe Dayan left the world to Shamayim (heaven) in Tel Aviv.